Step 2: The view layer
======================

Introduction
------------

The view layer makes it possible to write ``format`` (html, json, xml, etc)
agnostic controllers, by placing a layer between the Controller and the
generation of the final output via the templating or a serializer.

The bundle works both with the `Symfony Serializer Component`_ and the more
sophisticated `serializer`_ created by Johannes Schmitt and integrated via the
`JMSSerializerBundle`_.

In your controller action you will then need to create a ``View`` instance that
is then passed to the ``fos_rest.view_handler`` service for processing. The
``View`` is somewhat modeled after the ``Response`` class, but as just stated
it simply works as a container for all the data/configuration for the
``ViewHandler`` class for this particular action.  So the ``View`` instance
must always be processed by a ``ViewHandler`` (see the below section on the
"view response listener" for how to get this processing applied automatically)

FOSRestBundle ships with a controller extending the default Symfony controller,
which adds several convenience methods:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php

    use FOS\RestBundle\Controller\FOSRestController;

    class UsersController extends FOSRestController
    {
        public function getUsersAction()
        {
            $data = ...; // get data, in this case list of users.
            $view = $this->view($data, 200)
                ->setTemplate("MyBundle:Users:getUsers.html.twig")
                ->setTemplateVar('users')
            ;

            return $this->handleView($view);
        }

        public function redirectAction()
        {
            $view = $this->redirectView($this->generateUrl('some_route'), 301);
            // or
            $view = $this->routeRedirectView('some_route', array(), 301);

            return $this->handleView($view);
        }
    }

.. versionadded:: 1.6
  The ``setTemplateData`` method was added in 1.6.

If you need to pass more data in template, not for serialization, you can use ``setTemplateData`` method:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php

    use FOS\RestBundle\Controller\FOSRestController;

    class UsersController extends FOSRestController
    {
        public function getCategoryAction($categorySlug)
        {
            $category = $this->get('category_manager')->getBySlug($categorySlug);
            $products = ...; // get data, in this case list of products.

            $templateData = array('category' => $category);

            $view = $this->view($products, 200)
                ->setTemplate("MyBundle:Category:show.html.twig")
                ->setTemplateVar('products')
                ->setTemplateData($templateData)
            ;

            return $this->handleView($view);
        }
    }

or it is possible to use lazy-loading:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php

    use FOS\RestBundle\Controller\FOSRestController;

    class UsersController extends FOSRestController
    {
        public function getProductsAction($categorySlug)
        {
            $products = ...; // get data, in this case list of products.
            $categoryManager = $this->get('category_manager');

            $view = $this->view($products, 200)
                ->setTemplate("MyBundle:Category:show.html.twig")
                ->setTemplateVar('products')
                ->setTemplateData(function (ViewHandlerInterface $viewHandler, ViewInterface $view) use ($categoryManager, $categorySlug) {
                    $category = $categoryManager->getBySlug($categorySlug);
                    
                    return array(
                        'category' => $category,
                    );
                })
            ;

            return $this->handleView($view);
        }
    }

To simplify this even more: If you rely on the ``ViewResponseListener`` in
combination with SensioFrameworkExtraBundle you can even omit the calls to
``$this->handleView($view)`` and directly return the view objects. See chapter
3 on listeners for more details on the View Response Listener.

As the purpose is to create a format-agnostic controller, data assigned to the
``View`` instance should ideally be an object graph, though any data type is
acceptable. Note that when rendering templating formats, the ``ViewHandler``
will wrap data types other than associative arrays in an associative array with
a single key (default  ``'data'``), which will become the variable name of the
object in the respective template. You can change this variable by calling
the ``setTemplateVar()`` method on the view object.

There are also two specialized ``View`` classes for handling redirects, one for
redirecting to an URL called ``RedirectView`` and one to redirect to a route
called ``RouteRedirectView``.  Note that whether these classes actually cause a
redirect or not is determined by the ``force_redirects`` configuration option,
which is only enabled for ``html`` by default (see below).

There are several more methods on the ``View`` class, here is a list of all
the important ones for configuring the view:

* ``setData($data)`` - Set the object graph or list of objects to serialize.
* ``setTemplateData($templateData)`` - Set the template data array or anonymous function. Closure should return array.
* ``setHeader($name, $value)`` - Set a header to put on the HTTP response.
* ``setHeaders(array $headers)`` - Set multiple headers to put on the HTTP response.
* ``setSerializationContext($context)`` - Set the serialization context to use.
* ``setTemplate($name)`` - Name of the template to use in case of HTML rendering.
* ``setTemplateVar($name)`` - Name of the variable the data is in, when passed
  to HTML template. Defaults to ``'data'``.
* ``setEngine($name)`` - Name of the engine to render HTML template. Can be
  autodetected.
* ``setFormat($format)`` - The format the response is supposed to be rendered in.
  Can be autodetected using HTTP semantics.
* ``setLocation($location)`` - The location to redirect to with a response.
* ``setRoute($route)`` - The route to redirect to with a response.
* ``setRouteParameters($parameters)`` - Set the parameters for the route.
* ``setResponse(Response $response)`` - The response instance that is populated
  by the ``ViewHandler``.

See `this example code`_ for more details.

Forms and Views
---------------

Symfony Forms have special handling inside the view layer. Whenever you:

- return a Form from the controller.
- Set the form as only data of the view.
- return an array with a 'form' key, containing a form.
- return a form with validation errors.

Then:

- If the form is bound and no status code is set explicitly, an invalid form
  leads to a "validation failed" response.
- In a rendered template, the form is passed as 'form' and ``createView()``
  is called automatically.
- ``$form->getData()`` is passed into the view as template as ``'data'`` if the
  form is the only view data.
- An invalid form will be wrapped into an exception.

A response example of an invalid form:

.. code-block:: javascript

    {
      "code": 400,
      "message": "Validation Failed";
      "errors": {
        "children": {
          "username": {
            "errors": [
              "This value should not be blank."
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }

If you don't like the default exception structure, you can provide your own
implementation.

Implement the ``ExceptionWrapperHandlerInterface``:

.. code-block:: php

    namespace My\Bundle\Handler;

    class MyExceptionWrapperHandler implements ExceptionWrapperHandlerInterface
    {
        /**
         * {@inheritdoc}
         */
        public function wrap($data)
        {
            return new MyExceptionWrapper($data);
        }
    }

In the ``wrap`` method return any object or array.

Update the ``config.yml``:

.. code-block:: yaml

    fos_rest:
        view:
            # ...
            exception_wrapper_handler: My\Bundle\Handler\MyExceptionWrapperHandler
            # ...

Data Transformation
-------------------

As we have seen in the section before, the FOSRestBundle relies on the form
component (http://symfony.com/doc/current/components/form/introduction.html) to
handle submission of view data. In fact, the form builder
(http://symfony.com/doc/current/book/forms.html#building-the-form) basically
defines the structure of the expected view data which shall be used for further
processing - which most of the time relates to a PUT or POST request. This
brings a lot of flexibility and allows to exactly define the structure of data
to be received by the api.

Most of the time the requirements regarding a PUT/POST request are, in
terms of data structure, fairly simple. The payload within a PUT or POST request
oftentimes will have the exact same structure as received by a previous GET
request, but only with modified value fields. Thus, the fields to be defined
within the form builder process will be the same as the fields marked to be
serialized within an entity.

However, there is a common use case where straightforward updating of data,
received by a serialized object (GET request), will not work out of the box using
the given implementation of the form component: Simple assignment of a reference
using an object.

Let's take an entity ``Task`` that holds a reference to a ``Person`` as
an example. The serialized Task object will looks as follows:

.. code-block:: json
    
    {"task_form":{"name":"Task1", "person":{"id":1, "name":"Fabien"}}}

In a traditional Symfony application we simply define the property of the
related class and it would perfectly assign the person to our task - in this
case based on the id:

.. code-block:: php
    
    $builder
        ->add('name', 'text')
        ...
        ->add('person', 'entity', array(
            'class' => 'Acme\DemoBundle\Entity\Person',
            'property' => 'id'
        ))

Unfortunately, this form builder does not accept our serialized object as it is
- even though it contains the necessary id. In fact, the object would have to
contain the id directly assigned to the person field to be be accepted by the
form validtion process:

.. code-block:: json
    
    {"task_form":{"name":"Task1", "person":1}}

Well, this is somewhat useless since we not only want to display the name of the
person but also do not want to do some client side trick to extract the id
before updating the data, right? Instead, we rather update the data the same way
as we received it in our GET request and thus, extend the form builder with a
data transformer. Furtunately the FOSRestBundle comes with an
``EntityToIdObjectTransformer``, which can be applied to any form builder:

.. code-block:: php
    
    $personTransformer = new EntityToIdObjectTransformer($this->om, "AcmeDemoBundle:Person");
    $builder
        ->add('name', 'text')
        ...
        ->add($builder->create('person', 'text')->addModelTransformer($personTransformer))

This way, the data structure remains untouched and the person can be assigned to
the task without any client modifications.

Configuration
-------------

The ``formats`` and ``templating_formats`` settings determine which formats are
respectively supported by the serializer and by the template layer. In other
words any format listed in ``templating_formats`` will require a template for
rendering using the ``templating`` service, while any format listed in
``formats`` will use the serializer for rendering.  For both settings a
value of ``false`` means that the given format is disabled.

When using ``RouteRedirectView::create()`` the default behavior of forcing a
redirect to the route for html is enabled, but needs to be enabled for other
formats if needed.

Finally the HTTP response status code for failed validation defaults to
``400``. Note when changing the default you can use name constants of
``FOS\RestBundle\Util\Codes`` class or an integer status code.

You can also set the default templating engine to something different than the
default of ``twig``:

.. code-block:: yaml

    # app/config/config.yml
    fos_rest:
        view:
            formats:
                rss: true
                xml: false
            templating_formats:
                html: true
            force_redirects:
                html: true
            failed_validation: HTTP_BAD_REQUEST
            default_engine: twig

See `this example configuration`_ for more details.

Custom handler
--------------

While many things should be possible via the serializer in some cases
it might not be enough. For example you might need some custom logic to be
executed in the ``ViewHandler``. For these cases one might want to register a
custom handler for a specific format. The custom handler can either be
registered by defining a custom service, via a compiler pass or it can even be
registered from inside the controller action.

The callable will receive 3 parameters:

* the instance of the ``ViewHandler``
* the instance of the ``View``
* the instance of the ``Request``

Note there are several public methods on the ``ViewHandler`` which can be helpful:

* ``isFormatTemplating()``
* ``createResponse()``
* ``createRedirectResponse()``
* ``renderTemplate()``

There is an example inside LiipHelloBundle to show how to register a custom handler:
https://github.com/liip/LiipHelloBundle/blob/master/View/RSSViewHandler.php
https://github.com/liip/LiipHelloBundle/blob/master/Resources/config/config.yml

There is another example in ``Resources\doc\examples``:
https://github.com/FriendsOfSymfony/FOSRestBundle/blob/master/Resources/doc/examples/RssHandler.php

Here is an example using a closure registered inside a Controller action:

.. code-block:: php

    <?php

    use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
    use FOS\RestBundle\View\View;

    class UsersController extends Controller
    {
        public function getUsersAction()
        {
            $view = View::create();

            // ...

            $handler = $this->get('fos_rest.view_handler');
            if (!$handler->isFormatTemplating($view->getFormat())) {
                $templatingHandler = function ($handler, $view, $request) {
                    // if a template is set, render it using the 'params'
                    // and place the content into the data
                    if ($view->getTemplate()) {
                        $data = $view->getData();
                        
                        if (empty($data['params'])) {
                            $params = array();
                        } else {
                            $params = $data['params'];
                            unset($data['params']);
                        }
                        
                        $view->setData($params);
                        $data['html'] = $handler->renderTemplate($view, 'html');

                        $view->setData($data);
                    }
                    
                    return $handler->createResponse($view, $request, $format);
                };
                
                $handler->registerHandler($view->getFormat(), $templatingHandler);
            }
            
            return $handler->handle($view);
        }
    }

Jsonp custom handler
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To enable the common use case of creating Jsonp responses this Bundle provides an
easy solution to handle a custom handler for this use case. Enabling this setting
also automatically uses the mime type listener (see the next chapter) to register
a mime type for Jsonp.

Simply add the following to your configuration

.. code-block:: yaml

    # app/config/config.yml
    fos_rest:
        view:
            jsonp_handler: ~

It is also possible to customize both the name of the GET parameter with the
callback, as well as the filter pattern that validates if the provided callback
is valid or not.

.. code-block:: yaml

    # app/config/config.yml
    fos_rest:
        view:
            jsonp_handler:
               callback_param:       mycallback

Finally the filter can also be disabled by setting it to false.

.. code-block:: yaml

    # app/config/config.yml
    fos_rest:
        view:
            jsonp_handler:
                callback_param:       false

When working with JSONP, be aware of `CVE-2014-4671`_ (full explanation can be
found here: `Abusing JSONP with Rosetta Flash`_. You SHOULD use `NelmioSecurityBundle`_
and `disable the content type sniffing for script resources`_.

CSRF validation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When building a single application that should handle forms both via HTML forms
as well as via a REST API, one runs into a problem with CSRF token validation.
In most cases it is necessary to enable them for HTML forms, but it makes no
sense to use them for a REST API. For this reason there is a form extension to
disable CSRF validation for users with a specific role. This of course requires
that REST API users authenticate themselves and get a special role assigned.

.. code-block:: yaml

    fos_rest:
        disable_csrf_role: ROLE_API

That was it!

.. _`Symfony Serializer Component`: http://symfony.com/doc/current/components/serializer.html
.. _`serializer`: https://github.com/schmittjoh/serializer
.. _`JMSSerializerBundle`: https://github.com/schmittjoh/JMSSerializerBundle
.. _`this example code`: https://github.com/liip/LiipHelloBundle/blob/master/Controller/HelloController.php
.. _`this example configuration`: https://github.com/liip-forks/symfony-standard/blob/techtalk/app/config/config.yml
.. _`CVE-2014-4671`: http://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2014-4671
.. _`Abusing JSONP with Rosetta Flash`: http://miki.it/blog/2014/7/8/abusing-jsonp-with-rosetta-flash/
.. _`NelmioSecurityBundle`: https://github.com/nelmio/NelmioSecurityBundle
.. _`disable the content type sniffing for script resources`: https://github.com/nelmio/NelmioSecurityBundle#content-type-sniffing
